Moral Re-Armament Assembly Portraits
Moral Re-Armament (MRA) was founded by Dr. Frank Buchman, a Lutheran minister from Pennsburg, Pennsylvania. Dedicated to achieving international peace and social justice, the MRA began in London after World War I as a non-denominational Christian evangelical fellowship known as the Oxford Group. The organization was renamed in 1938 after Buchman called for “moral re-armament” to counter the threat posed by German militarization. Since 2001, the MRA has continued its mission under the name Initiatives for Change.
Violet Oakley met Buchman in 1928 through the Dowager Queen Sophia of Greece, whose portrait she had painted.1 Oakley was in Florence, where she resided when the League of Nations was in recess. She and Buchman had compatible political ideals rooted in Christian egalitarianism and pacifism and they developed a friendship that lasted for the next thirty years. When the League of Nations refused to exhibit Oakley’s painting Christ at Geneva because sectarian religious imagery was not permitted, Buchman agreed to hang it in the MRA headquarters in London in 1939.
After World War II, the MRA held World Assemblies at Mountain House in Caux, Switzerland, to promote international reconciliation. At Buchman’s invitation, Oakley spent several months in 1949 at Mountain House, where she drew forty portraits of members of the World Assembly and wrote the foreword to The Holy Experiment: Our Heritage from William Penn, 1644–1944, published in 1950. She also made drawings of the surrounding landscape.
1 Bailey Van Hook, Violet Oakley: An Artist’s Life (Wilmington: University of Delaware Press, 2016): 362.





![Nirpuama Sinha, Lady Sinha of Raipur [India], and her son Anindo Kumar Sinha, at the 1949 World Assembly for Moral Re-Armament, Caux, Switzerland](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d55520e3a93194b0ca1b2_voe-com-6058-lightbox-gallery-3-oakley-2018-1-511-crop.avif)

![M. Margarite, Prinzessin von Hohenzollern [?], delegate to the 1949 World Assembly for Moral Re-Armament, Caux, Switzerland](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d9e34680a244158db370a_voe-art-6273-wide-image-oakley-2018-1-783-crop.avif)













![Portrait study of Bernard Hallward, President of the St. Raymond Paper Company, Canada [and active in the Moral Re-Armament]](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d9e3757364bf37b540a1f_voe-art-6294-art-image-oakley-2018-1-952-crop.avif)





![Portait study of August Menzing [?], at the 1949 World Assembly for Moral Re-Armament, Caux, Switzerland](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d9e38e94c1eee6e3a162f_voe-art-6300-wide-image-oakley-2018-1-963-crop.avif)

















![Portrait study of Nirpuama Sinha, Lady Sinha of Raipur [India] and her son Anindo Kumar Sinha, at the 1949 World Assembly for Moral Re-Armament, Caux, Switzerland](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d9e3bd7542499f8c0a279_voe-art-6318-art-image-oakley-2018-1-967-crop.avif)





!["Two Little Ladies from Japan," Portrait study of Mrs. Katayama and Mrs. Nutsien [?], at the 1949 World Assembly for Moral Re-Armament, Caux, Switzerland](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d9e3b850187adb3462444_voe-art-6324-wide-image-oakley-2018-1-971-crop.avif)

















![Beatrice Harrison, "The Lady of the Nightingales" [Woman with Cello], date unknown, by Violet Oakley (Woodmere Art Museum: Gift of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 2015)](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68961b6b3189b29172d19dc9/691d4dd7ae7c6fcb2a2eac7e_oakley_2018.1.1571-1920x1920-optmized.avif)




